In all aspects of the power grid, the degree of intelligence of power transmission, transmission and power consumption has been quite high. Only the power distribution link is subject to the limitations of traditional construction ideas, construction conditions and technical level, and has become an intelligent depression.
With the support of national policies, the distribution network has ushered in new opportunities for development, and the refined and in-depth construction and transformation, the increasing proportion of distributed energy, and the technical requirements for the future distribution network are also constantly improving. So, where is the breakthrough of the smart grid?
The application of comprehensive sensing technology, power electronics technology, next-generation communication technology and big data processing technology will become the key to breaking through the “last mileâ€. Electrical engineering experts believe that in the future, the distribution network will use high-speed broadband communication systems between various substations, use intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) for adaptive control and protection, and use energy management systems to monitor the operation status of the distribution network and fully adopt Intelligent systems reduce power quality issues and improve power supply reliability.
The new technologies that will gradually become popular in the future distribution network are listed below:
First, advanced distribution network automation technologyDistribution automation continuously monitors and automatically controls important equipment in the distribution network, and integrates the distribution network monitoring and control system and data acquisition system (SCADA).
Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) includes intelligent sensors, electronic controllers, and two-way communication systems that collect information from important feeders. The ADA system collects and displays voltage, current, active, reactive, device status, operating status, event logs, and other information related to the status of the power distribution system.
The advantage is that the operator can easily control the access of the capacitor, the breaking of the circuit breaker and the voltage regulation. If substation automation is equipped with automatic switches, reclosers, capacitors and advanced metering devices, the grid can be optimally reconstructed, and the reliability and technical performance of the system can be improved, that is, the functions of the smart grid can be fully utilized.
Second, intelligent feeder recloser and relayIt is estimated that by 2030, 70% of the feeders will be equipped with smart relays and reclosers. Replacing traditional electromechanical relay protection and control equipment with microprocessor-based relays and reclosers at the end of the feeder is an inevitable process for the development of smart grids.
The advantages of the intelligent feeder recloser and relay control equipment are as follows:
1. The measuring instrument can continuously monitor and analyze the measured values, and can process the measured information in time and calculate useful data (such as the fault distance to the fault point).
2. The data measured or calculated by the IEDs can be transmitted to the outside or the user through a communication system based on an industry standard protocol.
3, with self-detection capabilities, enabling IEDs to detect their own internal faults and promptly notify the staff for maintenance.
4, can store a variety of operating modes, can switch the load to the best operating mode as required.
5. Diversified functions. For example, a relay-protected IED has fast overcurrent protection, auto-reclosing, feeder protection, and the ability to measure and monitor the environment of the device. These functions are integrated into one device, reducing the internal winding of the device. Line and control board volume.
Third, intelligent line switch technologyIt is estimated that by 2030, 25% of the distribution feeders will be equipped with intelligent line switches. At present, some intelligent line switching intelligent line switching technologies have been applied. These technologies make the distribution network self-healing. At the same time, it also supports feeder terminals to achieve optimal grid reconstruction for distributed generation and load balancing requirements.
Has the following main features:
1. An industry-standard communication system for remote control and data acquisition. The switch also supports peer-to-peer communication with other smart devices such as other smart switches, switched capacitors, distributed power supplies, and more. A highly reliable communication system is a necessary condition for achieving the above objectives.
2. Each intelligent line switch must include an independent local controller to obtain local data and implement automatic switching.
3. The intelligent line switch and related controllers must support “two-way†operation to detect the flow direction and respond to the flow direction. Two-way operation capability is necessary for reconfiguration of distribution feeders (which often occurs in intelligent distribution systems) and distribution networks where tidal currents may occur.
4. Support one-way operation (only for tripping of trip phase) and three-wire operation (three-phase simultaneous trip). If the distributed generation equipment is downstream of the intelligent line switch (away from the substation), its single-phase trip function will be disabled to avoid damage to the generator.
Fourth, power electronics technologyPower electronics technology can not only provide users with stable power, but also achieve flexible control of frequency, phase and voltage. The static var compensator and the short-circuit current limiter are two typical power electronic devices in the distribution network.
Two typical power electronics:
1. Static var compensator The static synchronous var compensator is the most advanced reactive power compensation device at present. It no longer uses large-capacity capacitors and inductors to generate reactive power, but realizes the leap of reactive power compensation technology through the high-frequency switch of power electronic devices, especially suitable for dynamic reactive power compensation in medium and high voltage power systems. The static synchronous var compensator eliminates small power quality disturbances in a single cycle. Therefore, it can deal with the distribution network voltage fluctuation caused by the output of DERs (wind power, photovoltaic, etc.).
2. Another typical example of a short-circuit current limiter is a short-circuit current limiter, which is often referred to as a fault current limiter in the country. SCCLs technology can be used to deal with the problem of large short-circuit currents in transmission systems. The larger the power generation capacity, the greater the fault current, which is likely to exceed the capacity of the operating equipment. SCCL based on power electronics technology can effectively solve this problem. The core concept of SCCL is: zero impedance (or low impedance) in normal operation and high impedance in short circuit fault, which acts to limit short-circuit current.
An inverter is a device that converts DC power into AC power. Inverter is the most complex equipment in photovoltaic power generation system, the second most expensive equipment in the system, and the most vulnerable part of the system. Photovoltaic panels are generally very strong and reliable, with a lifespan of up to 25 years, while inverters typically last no more than 10 years.
Application of Small Inverters in Photovoltaics In the current PV system design, all photovoltaic panels are connected in series. If a portion of the photovoltaic panel is blocked, the overall system's power generation efficiency will decrease. In addition, if the photovoltaic module is to work optimally, all photovoltaic panels must have the same orientation and tilt, which limits the layout of the rooftop photovoltaic.
In contrast, the future photovoltaic power generation system requires each panel to be connected to its own micro-reverse, which can fully exploit the power generation potential of each photovoltaic panel and improve the power generation efficiency of the entire system. Especially when applied to a patchwork roof, the flexibility of system design is enhanced. With the popularization of photovoltaic power generation technology and the increase of photovoltaic penetration rate in the power grid, power companies are vigorously promoting intelligent inverters. In addition to the basic functions of DC-AC conversion, they will also provide the following auxiliary services: low/high Voltage traversal, automatic power generation, automatic light rejection, resonance suppression, damped oscillation, grid support...
Sixth, smart transformerConventional transformers have low efficiency under light load, have hidden dangers of liquid medium leakage, and have only a single function of up/down, which cannot provide real-time voltage regulation and system monitoring.
At the same time, they cannot provide three-phase power through a single-phase circuit, and cannot be partially disassembled and repaired one by one. In the future, the distribution transformer will serve as the interface of the distributed power supply, which can be connected to the energy storage, can accept the electric vehicle, and replace the equipment of the traditional distribution network transformer with the power electronic device.
The intelligent transformer developed by the American Electric Power Research Institute can be used as an interface for renewable energy grid connection, including a bidirectional power interface to facilitate access to photovoltaic, energy storage, and electric vehicles, as well as system integration, local control, and island control. Command and control functions. In addition, EPRI has developed a medium voltage intelligent universal transformer. This technology replaces the independent power converter and the traditional transformer, completely eliminating the bulky structure of the traditional transformer and a large number of wiring. The versatile IUT provides 400V DC bus voltage for supplying DC power distribution systems or for charging electric vehicles quickly.
As mentioned above, there are many new intelligent technologies in distribution networks, such as: multi-function solid-state switching technology, distribution network fault prediction and positioning technology, advanced metering facilities (AMI), local energy network controllers, distributed power supplies, Including distributed power generation equipment, renewable energy, energy storage equipment.
Summarized as follows:In the context of power reform, in order to improve service levels and reduce operating costs, new technologies will play a major role in the future of smart distribution networks. The power industry should make full use of existing monitoring and control facilities while constantly seeking and utilizing them. New methods, new technologies, and new equipment to achieve safe, efficient, long-term, and stable operation of the power supply system.
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