ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) is a well-known company in the microprocessor industry. It has designed a large number of high-performance, inexpensive, low-energy RISC processors, related technologies and software. ARM is also a microcontroller. The ARM architecture is the first RISC microprocessor designed for the low-budget market. It is basically an industry standard for 32-bit microcontrollers. It provides a series of core, system expansion, microprocessor and system chip solutions. Four functional modules are available for production. The manufacturer configures the production according to the requirements of different users.
Since all products adopt a common software system, the same software can run in all products. At present, ARM occupies more than 90 shares of the handheld device market, which can effectively shorten the time for application development and testing, and also reduce research and development costs.
DSP (digital singnal processor) is a unique microprocessor with its own complete instruction system. It is a device that processes a large amount of information with digital signals. A digital signal processor includes a control unit, arithmetic unit, various registers, and a certain number of storage units in a small chip. Several memories can be connected to its periphery, and it can interact with a certain number of external devices. Communication, with comprehensive functions of software and hardware, is itself a microcomputer.
The DSP adopts the Harvard design, that is, the data bus and the address bus are separated, so that the program and data are stored in two separate spaces, allowing the fetching and executing instructions to completely overlap. In other words, the next instruction can be fetched and decoded while executing the previous instruction, which greatly improves the speed of the microprocessor. It also allows transmission between program space and data space because of increased device flexibility. Its working principle is to receive an analog signal, convert it to a digital signal of 0 or 1, then modify, delete, and enhance the digital signal, and interpret the digital data back to analog data or actual environment format in other system chips. It not only has programmability, but its real-time running speed can reach tens of millions of complex instruction programs per second, far exceeding general-purpose microprocessors, and it is an increasingly important computer chip in the digital electronic world.
Its powerful data processing capabilities and high operating speed are the two most commendable features. Because of its strong computing power, high speed, small size, and high flexibility in software programming, it provides an effective way to engage in various complex applications. According to the requirements of digital signal processing, DSP chips generally have the following main characteristics:
(1) One multiplication and one addition can be completed in one instruction cycle;
(2) The program and data space are separated, and instructions and data can be accessed at the same time;
(3) There is fast RAM on-chip, which can usually be accessed in two blocks simultaneously through an independent data bus;
(4) Hardware support with low overhead or no overhead loop and jump;
(5) Fast interrupt processing and hardware I/O support;
(6) Multiple hardware address generators that operate in a single cycle;
(7) Multiple operations can be performed in parallel;
(8) Support pipeline operation, so that operations such as fetching, decoding, and execution can be performed overlapped.
Of course, compared with general-purpose microprocessors, other general-purpose functions of DSP chips are relatively weak.
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is the abbreviation of Field Programmable Gate Array. It is a product of further development on the basis of PAL, GAL, PLD and other programmable devices. It is the most highly integrated one among application specific integrated circuits (ASIC). Kind. FPGA adopts a new concept of logic cell array LCA (Logic Cell Array), which includes three parts: Configurable Logic Block (CLB), IOB (Input Output Block) and Interconnect.
The user can reconfigure the logic module and I/O module inside the FPGA to realize the user's logic. It also has the characteristics of static repeatable programming and dynamic reconfiguration in the system, so that the functions of the hardware can be modified through programming like software. As a semi-custom circuit in the field of application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), FPGA not only solves the deficiencies of custom circuits, but also overcomes the shortcomings of the limited number of gate circuits of the original programmable devices. It is no exaggeration to say that FPGA can complete the function of any digital device, from high-performance CPU to simple 74 circuits, all can be implemented with FPGA. FPGA is like a piece of white paper or a pile of wood. Engineers can freely design a digital system through traditional schematic input method or hardware description language. Through software simulation, we can verify the correctness of the design in advance. After the PCB is completed, you can also use the FPGA's online modification capabilities to modify the design at any time without changing the hardware circuit. Using FPGA to develop digital circuits can greatly shorten design time, reduce PCB area, and improve system reliability.
FPGA is set up its working state by the procedure stored in the on-chip RAM, so it is necessary to program the on-chip RAM when working. Users can adopt different programming methods according to different configuration modes. When powering up, the FPGA chip reads the data in EPROM into the on-chip programming RAM. After the configuration is completed, the FPGA enters the working state. After a power failure, the FPGA is restored to a blank, and the internal logic relationship disappears. Therefore, the FPGA can be used repeatedly. The programming of FPGA does not need a dedicated FPGA programmer, only general EPROM and PROM programmers. When you need to modify the FPGA function, you only need to change a piece of EPROM. In this way, the same FPGA, different programming data, can produce different circuit functions. Therefore, the use of FPGA is very flexible. It can be said that FPGA chips are one of the best choices for small batch systems to improve system integration and reliability. At present, there are many varieties of FPGA, including XC series from XILINX, TPC series from TI, and FIEX series from ALTERA.
So what are their differences?ARM has a relatively strong transaction management function, which can be used to run interfaces and applications. Its advantages are mainly reflected in control, while DSP is mainly used for calculations, such as encryption and decryption, modulation and demodulation, etc. The advantages are powerful Data processing capacity and higher operating speed. FPGA can be programmed with VHDL or verilogHDL, and has strong flexibility. Because it can program, debug, reprogram and repeat operations, it can fully carry out design development and verification. When the circuit has a small amount of changes, it can show the advantages of FPGA. Its field programming ability can extend the life of the product in the market, and this ability can be used for system upgrades or debugging.
As a Processor, what are the advantages and disadvantages of these devices.
In fact, C51, ARM, and DSP are not provided to users as chips alone, and some peripheral circuits must be added to support them.
For example: memory controller, interrupt controller, TImer, UART, SPI, I2C, etc.
Therefore, it is best to compare them from the perspective of the processor.
(1). C51 is 8-bit; ARM is 32-bit; DSP has 16-bit and higher.
(2). In terms of computing power, C51 is the weakest, DSP is the strongest, and ARM is in the middle.
(3). The structure is quite different. C51 is the simplest and is the general von Neumann structure; ARM9 or above is the Harvard structure of RISC; DSP generally uses the Harvard structure.
(4). C51 generally has a very small chip area and a very low operating frequency (usually more than 10 MHz, and some 24 MHz), so the power consumption is low. DSP has a high frequency (higher than 300MHz), so it consumes a lot of power. ARM chip area is also very small, ARM7 is 0.55 square millimeters, power consumption is relatively small. The frequency is about (between tens to 200MHz)
(5). So generally C51 is mainly used in control systems that do not require much calculation. Generally equipped with abundant peripheral modules. DSP is mainly used in high-end systems that require complex calculations, such as image processing, encryption and decryption, navigation systems, etc. Generally, there are fewer peripheral modules. ARM is a compromise between C51 and DSP.
(6). Emphasize one point: C51's performance is far inferior to ARM and DSP, but it still occupies an important place, the reason is the performance-price ratio. Because it is too mature, too small, and too cheap. And in some areas that require complex calculations, DSP is also indispensable. ARM's success is that he found a compromise and established a very flexible business model.
CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) is a device developed from PAL and GAL devices. It is relatively large in scale and complex in structure, and belongs to the scope of large-scale integrated circuits. It is a digital integrated circuit that users can construct logic functions according to their needs. The basic design method is to use integrated development software platform, schematic diagram, hardware description language and other methods to generate the corresponding target file, and transfer the code to the target chip through the download cable ("in-system" programming) to realize the designed digital system .
The difference between FPGA and CPLDThe discrimination and classification of FPGA and CPLD are mainly based on their structural characteristics and working principles. The usual classification method is: the device that constitutes the logical behavior in the product term structure is called CPLD, such as the ispLSI series of LatTIce, the XC9500 series of Xilinx, the MAX7000S series of Altera and the Mach series of LatTIce (formerly Vantis).
The device that constitutes logic behavior in a look-up table structure is called FPGA, such as Xilinx's SPARTAN series, Altera's FLEX10K or ACEX1K series, etc.
Although both FPGA and CPLD are programmable ASIC devices and have many common features, due to the differences in the structure of CPLD and FPGA, they have their own characteristics:
â‘ CPLD is more suitable for completing various algorithms and combinational logic, and FPGA is more suitable for completing sequential logic. In other words, FPGA is more suitable for structures with rich flip-flops, and CPLD is more suitable for structures with limited flip-flops and rich product terms.
â‘¡The continuous wiring structure of CPLD determines that its timing delay is uniform and predictable, while the segmented wiring structure of FPGA determines the unpredictability of its delay.
â‘¢ FPGA has greater flexibility than CPLD in programming. CPLD is programmed by modifying the logic function with fixed interconnection circuits, FPGA is mainly programmed by changing the wiring of internal wiring; FPGA can be programmed under logic gates, and CPLD is programmed under logic blocks.
â‘£The integration level of FPGA is higher than that of CPLD, and it has more complicated wiring structure and logic realization.
⑤CPLD is more convenient to use than FPGA. The programming of CPLD adopts E2PROM or FASTFLASH technology, does not need external memory chip, it is simple to use. The FPGA programming information needs to be stored in an external memory, which is complicated to use.
â‘¥CPLD is faster than FPGA and has greater time predictability. This is because FPGA is gate-level programming, and distributed interconnection between CLBs, while CPLD is logic block-level programming, and the interconnection between its logic blocks is lumped.
⑦In terms of programming mode, CPLD is mainly based on E2PROM or FLASH memory programming, and the programming times can reach 10,000 times. The advantage is that the programming information is not lost when the system is powered off. CPLD can be divided into programming on the programmer and in-system programming. Most FPGAs are based on SRAM programming, and the programming information is lost when the system is powered off. Each time the system is powered on, the programming data needs to be rewritten into SRAM from outside the device. Its advantage is that it can be programmed any number of times, and can be programmed quickly at work, so as to achieve dynamic configuration at the board level and system level.
⑧ CPLD has good confidentiality, but FPGA has poor confidentiality.
⑨ Under normal circumstances, the power consumption of CPLD is larger than that of FPGA, and the higher the integration, the more obvious.
The user can reconfigure the logic module and I/O module inside the FPGA to realize the user's logic. It also has the characteristics of static repeatable programming and dynamic reconfiguration in the system, so that the functions of the hardware can be modified through programming like software. As a semi-custom circuit in the field of application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), FPGA not only solves the deficiencies of custom circuits, but also overcomes the shortcomings of the limited number of gate circuits of the original programmable devices. It is no exaggeration to say that FPGA can complete the function of any digital device, from high-performance CPU to simple 74 circuits, all can be implemented with FPGA. FPGA is like a piece of white paper or a pile of wood. Engineers can freely design a digital system through traditional schematic input method or hardware description language. Through software simulation, we can verify the correctness of the design in advance. After the PCB is completed, you can also use the FPGA's online modification capabilities to modify the design at any time without changing the hardware circuit. Using FPGA to develop digital circuits can greatly shorten design time, reduce PCB area, and improve system reliability.
FPGA is set up its working state by the procedure stored in the on-chip RAM, so it is necessary to program the on-chip RAM when working. Users can use different programming methods according to different configuration modes. When powering up, the FPGA chip reads the data in EPROM into the on-chip programming RAM. After the configuration is completed, the FPGA enters the working state. After the power is off, the FPGA is restored to a blank sheet and the internal logic relationship disappears. Therefore, the FPGA can be used repeatedly. The programming of FPGA does not need a dedicated FPGA programmer, only general EPROM and PROM programmers. When you need to modify the FPGA function, you only need to change a piece of EPROM. In this way, the same FPGA, different programming data, can produce different circuit functions. Therefore, the use of FPGA is very flexible. It can be said that FPGA chips are one of the best choices for small batch systems to improve system integration and reliability. At present, there are many varieties of FPGA, including XC series from XILINX, TPC series from TI, and FIEX series from ALTERA.
So what are their differences?ARM has a relatively strong transaction management function, which can be used to run interfaces and applications. Its advantages are mainly reflected in control, while DSP is mainly used for calculations, such as encryption and decryption, modulation and demodulation, etc. The advantages are powerful Data processing capacity and higher operating speed. FPGA can be programmed with VHDL or verilogHDL, and has strong flexibility. Because it can program, debug, reprogram and repeat operations, it can fully carry out design development and verification. When the circuit has a small amount of changes, it can show the advantages of FPGA. Its field programming ability can extend the life of the product in the market, and this ability can be used for system upgrades or debugging.
As a Processor, what are the advantages and disadvantages of these devices.
In fact, C51, ARM, and DSP are not provided to users as chips alone, and some peripheral circuits must be added to support them.
For example: memory controller, interrupt controller, timer, UART, SPI, I2C, etc.
Therefore, it is best to compare them from the perspective of the processor.
(1). C51 is 8-bit; ARM is 32-bit; DSP has 16-bit and higher.
(2). In terms of computing power, C51 is the weakest, DSP is the strongest, and ARM is in the middle.
(3). The structure is quite different. C51 is the simplest and is the general von Neumann structure; ARM9 and above are RISC with Harvard structure; DSP generally uses Harvard structure.
(4). C51 generally has a very small chip area and a very low operating frequency (usually more than 10 MHz, and some 24 MHz), so the power consumption is low. DSP has a very high frequency (higher than 300MHz), so the power consumption is large. ARM chip area is also very small, ARM7 is 0.55 square millimeters, power consumption is relatively small. The frequency is about (between tens to 200MHz)
(5). So generally C51 is mainly used in control systems that do not require much calculation. Generally equipped with abundant peripheral modules. DSP is mainly used in high-end systems that require complex calculations, such as image processing, encryption and decryption, navigation systems, etc. Generally, there are fewer peripheral modules. ARM is a compromise between C51 and DSP.
(6). Emphasize one point: The performance of C51 is far inferior to ARM and DSP, but it still occupies an important place because of the cost-performance ratio. Because it is too mature, too small, and too cheap. And in some areas that require complex calculations, DSP is also indispensable. ARM's success is that he found a compromise and established a very flexible business model.
CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) is a device developed from PAL and GAL devices. It is relatively large in scale and complex in structure, and belongs to the scope of large-scale integrated circuits. It is a digital integrated circuit that users can construct logic functions according to their needs. The basic design method is to use integrated development software platform, schematic diagram, hardware description language and other methods to generate the corresponding target file, and transfer the code to the target chip through the download cable ("in-system" programming) to realize the designed digital system .
The difference between FPGA and CPLDThe discrimination and classification of FPGA and CPLD are mainly based on their structural characteristics and working principles. The usual classification method is: the device that constitutes the logical behavior in the product term structure is called CPLD, such as Lattice's ispLSI series, Xilinx's XC9500 series, Altera's MAX7000S series and Lattice (formerly Vantis)'s Mach series.
The device that constitutes logic behavior in a look-up table structure is called FPGA, such as Xilinx's SPARTAN series, Altera's FLEX10K or ACEX1K series, etc.
Although both FPGA and CPLD are programmable ASIC devices and have many common features, due to the differences in the structure of CPLD and FPGA, they have their own characteristics:
â‘ CPLD is more suitable for completing various algorithms and combinational logic, and FPGA is more suitable for completing sequential logic. In other words, FPGA is more suitable for structures with rich flip-flops, while CPLD is more suitable for structures with limited flip-flops and rich product terms.
â‘¡The continuous wiring structure of CPLD determines that its timing delay is uniform and predictable, while the segmented wiring structure of FPGA determines the unpredictability of its delay.
â‘¢ FPGA has greater flexibility than CPLD in programming. CPLD is programmed by modifying the logic function with fixed interconnection circuit, FPGA is mainly programmed by changing the wiring of internal wiring; FPGA can be programmed under the logic gate, and CPLD is programmed under the logic block.
â‘£The integration level of FPGA is higher than that of CPLD, and it has more complicated wiring structure and logic realization.
⑤CPLD is more convenient to use than FPGA. The programming of CPLD adopts E2PROM or FASTFLASH technology, does not need external memory chip, it is simple to use. The programming information of FPGA needs to be stored in external memory, which is complicated to use.
â‘¥CPLD is faster than FPGA and has greater time predictability. This is because FPGA is gate-level programming, and distributed interconnection between CLBs, while CPLD is logic block-level programming, and the interconnection between logic blocks is lumped.
⑦In terms of programming mode, CPLD is mainly based on E2PROM or FLASH memory programming, and the programming times can reach 10,000 times. The advantage is that the programming information is not lost when the system is powered off. CPLD can be divided into programming on the programmer and in-system programming. Most of FPGAs are based on SRAM programming, and the programming information is lost when the system is powered off. Each time the system is powered on, the programming data needs to be rewritten into SRAM from outside the device. Its advantage is that it can be programmed any number of times, and can be programmed quickly during work, so as to realize the dynamic configuration of the board level and the system level.
⑧ CPLD has good confidentiality, but FPGA has poor confidentiality.
⑨ Under normal circumstances, the power consumption of CPLD is larger than FPGA, and the higher the integration, the more obvious.
Refrigerator Condenser Evaporator
1. Main material:
Rolling welded steel pipe: OD 4.76 to 8
Wall thickness:0.5- 0.7
Low carbon steel wire OD 1.0 to 1.8
Bracket:
Steel plate (SPCC) thickness: 0.6 to 1.5
Steel plate (SPCC) thickness: 0.3 to 0.4
2.Structure:
Flat type of Wire On Tube Condenser used at the back
Bended or spiral type of wire on tube condenser used at the bottom
Wrapped type of tube embedded on plate
3.Technical ability:
Wire pitch: ≥ 5mm
4.Performance:
Surface with electrophoresis coating to prevent the corrosion
Inner cleanliness can meet the requirements of CFC and R134a cooling system
Can satisfy the cooling capability requirements
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